Hydrogen Delivery
Hydrogen Delivery
Since it can be produced from several sources and using various methods, hydrogen can be produced at large production plants and transported to users, or it can be produced locally, using small generators, possibly at refueling stations, eliminating the need for long-distance transport. Hydrogen is currently transported by road via cylinders, tube trailers, cryogenic tankers, and in pipelines, although hydrogen pipelines currently exist in only a few regions of the United States. The delivery infrastructure for hydrogen will require high-pressure compressors for gaseous hydrogen and liquefaction for cryogenic hydrogen; both currently have significant capital and operating costs and energy inefficiencies associated with them. DOE supports research focused on developing advanced technologies to improve the energy efficiency, durability, and reliability of these technologies. Hydrogen Storage
Finding a cost-effective method of storing hydrogen on a vehicle is a challenge. While hydrogen contains more energy per weight than any other energy carrier, it contains much less energy by volume. This makes it difficult to store a large amount of hydrogen in a small space, like in a gas tank of a car. Technologies
* High-pressure tanks: Hydrogen gas can be compressed and stored in storage tanks at high pressure. These tanks must be strong, durable, light-weight, and compact, as well as cost competitive.
* Liquid hydrogen: Hydrogen can be stored as a liquid. In this form, more hydrogen can be stored per volume, but it must be kept at cold temperatures (about -253°C).
* Materials-based storage of hydrogen: Hydrogen can be stored within solid materials, such as powders, or liquids. Technologies under study include —
Reversible Metal Hydrides: Hydrogen combines chemically with some metals, which can result in higher storage capacity compared to high-pressure gas or liquid. These materials can be "re-filled" with hydrogen while on the vehicle.
Carbon Materials and High Surface Area Sorbents: Carbon nanotubes are examples of materials that reversibly store hydrogen. Other sorbents may be able to store hydrogen at room temperature.
Chemical Hydride Materials: Materials are under study that release hydrogen by a chemical process on the vehicle. These materials are then removed and "regenerated" off-board, either at the fueling station or at a central processing plant.
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